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Dublin Core
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Title
A name given to the resource
Centennial Twitter Collection
Subject
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2020 Centennial of Women's Suffrage Amendment
Creator
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Rachel B. Tiven
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Twitter.com
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
August 2019 to August 2020
Language
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English
Dublin Core
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Title
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Mary & Ida: newswomen
Description
An account of the resource
Black women in Louisville, Kentucky. 1887. <br /><br />IdaBWells was a rising newspaper star with a weekly column in the American Baptist. That August her publisher, Wm J Simmons, paid Ida’s way from Memphis for the annual convention of the National Colored Press Association.🧵 <br /><br />William Simmons👇made a point to hire Black women as reporters & typesetters at his paper. He was also the president of the Press Association, and he wanted Ida to be seen. Ida was only 25 years old - even younger than in the photo above left. <br /><br />Ida was a star at the convention. She delivered a paper titled “How I Would Edit,†served on the conference resolutions committee, and was elected the first woman on the Association board. At the closing dinner she was asked to speak extemporaneously about women in journalism. Coverage of the convention described her as “brilliant and earnest†and “the most prominent correspondent.†<br /><br />After the convention Ida spent three weeks in Louisville & Lexington, where she visited another young woman journalist who shared her interests. <br /><br />Mary E Britton was seven years older than Ida, and an established journalist. They were introduced by Mary’s sister Julia Britton Hooks, a pianist and prominent community leader whom Ida knew in Memphis. <a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1215019466423230464" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Read more about Julia 👉</a><br /><br />Like Ida, Mary Britton taught school--a respectable job and a stable income. She was already a committed supporter of women’s suffrage, and and a month before they met Mary gave a passionate speech about suffrage at the annual convention of the KY State Assoc of Colored Teachers. <br /><br />“There must be men of honor among you here this evening who are ashamed that women bear equally with men the support of their families; in many instances working harder, better, and of longer duration, and yet receive smaller compensation for their labor, only bc they are women.â€Â <br /><br />Mary went on to make the case: disputing bad theology, decrying taxation without representation, and quoting famous male suffragists like Frederick Douglass & Henry Ward Beecher. Her speech was reprinted on the front page of the American Catholic Tribune, a national paper. <br /><br />While Ida was not yet focused on suffrage as a political issue, she and Mary had a lot in common. Besides their professional interests, intellectualism, and ambition, they had both been orphaned in their teens and raised younger siblings. <br /><br />When Kentucky moved to segregate transit in 1891, Mary Britton addressed the legislature with a speech so fierce that Paul Lawrence Dunbar wrote a poem about it. Entitled “To Miss Mary Britton,†it goes: <br /><br />Give us to lead our cause More noble souls like hers, <br />The memory of whose deed Each feeling bosom stirs; <br />Whose fearless voice and strong Rose to defend her race, <br />Roused Justice from her sleep, Drove Prejudice from place. <br /><br />Mary was more successful in Dunbar’s heroic ode than in reality. The racist bill passed. <br /><br />While Ida became an internationally famous activist and muckracking reporter, Mary went to medical school. She was the first Black woman doctor in Kentucky, and a leader in state and national professional associations. <br /><br />Mary Britton was the Kentucky vice president for the National Medical Association. Here she is at the 1910 meeting of the Black Kentucky Medical Workers. She's easy to pick out. <br /><br />Mary died in 1925, leaving her library to the Seventh Day Adventist church and her estate to her sister Julia Hooks. <br /><br />#BlackSuffragists #Suffrage100 #BreonnaTaylorMatters
Creator
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Daily Suffragist
Source
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<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1309668104297906176" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread</a>
Date
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Sept 26, 2020
Relation
A related resource
<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/video/us/politics/100000007357661/breonna-taylor-louisville-protests.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Protests Erupt in Louisville After Breonna Taylor Decision</a>
Black Suffragists
Ida B Wells
Kentucky
Mary Britton
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Centennial Twitter Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
2020 Centennial of Women's Suffrage Amendment
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Rachel B. Tiven
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Twitter.com
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
August 2019 to August 2020
Language
A language of the resource
English
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Daily Suffragist
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1215487911136825347" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread.</a>
Description
An account of the resource
Memphis in the 1880s was still rebuilding from the war and the yellow fever epidemics. It wasn’t a very big place. The two women discussed yesterday - Julia Hooks & Elizabeth Meriwether - were each elites in their own circles. Did they ever meet? I doubt it. But who knows? <br /><br />Hooks and Meriwether both had sisters, or sisters-in-law, who were also accomplished notables as well as devoted suffragists. Covering Julia’s sister Dr. Mary E Britton today; Elizabeth’s sister-in-law Lide Smith Meriwether tomorrow. <br /><br />Mary Britton and her older sister Julia were born into a free family of color in Lexington KY in the 1850s. All the children got a classical education. Julia’s musical talent was apparent early, and in 1869 the family moved 40 miles to Berea so the girls could go to college. (One more note about Julia: she is listed as faculty at Berea College in 1871-72, making her the first AA to teach white students in KY. She must have been supremely talented.) Tragically, both parents died as Mary was about to graduate, leaving 4 or 5 younger children. <br /><br />Mary became a teacher, the first of her 3 careers & one source of evidence of her suffrage activity. An active member of the KY State Assoc of Colored Teachers, Mary spoke about women’s suffrage at the Assoc’s 9th annual convention in 1887. <br /><br />Her speech was reprinted on the front page of the American Catholic Tribune, a respected Black-run newspaper. Mary begins by saying she wishes she could recant her earlier disinterest in women’s rights! “From my early youth I was a strong advocate of human rights...not women’s rights.” She goes on to make the case: disputing bad theology, decrying taxation without representation, and quoting famous male suffragists like Frederick Douglass & Henry Ward Beecher. <br /><br />While teaching school, Mary Britton also became well-known as a journalist, writing for both mainstream and Black newspapers. She published a regular column in the Lexington Herald under the pen name “Meb” in which she advocated for reform of all kinds. <br /><br />She and Ida B Wells met and became friends when Ida visited Kentucky for a meeting of the National Colored Press Assoc. They had a lot in common: as politicized Black women journalists, as teachers, and having both been orphaned as teenagers with younger siblings in need of care. <br /><br />Mary had a third career as a doctor. She attended American Medical Missionary College, run by the 7th Day Adventists in Battle Creek MI & Chicago. She returned to Lexington & built a respected practice. She was active in state & national professional associations. <br /><br />One final story of Mary E Britton’s activism: the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago was known as the “White City” for its decor and its racist policies. Mary decided to prove the point by seeking admission to the Kentucky pavilion. She was rudely rebuffed. <br /><br />A reporter for the Indianapolis Freeman saw and described it as a humiliating indignity. Hers is the only documented refusal of entry at the Fair. Thanks to Dr. Karen C. McDaniel who found <a href="https://networks.h-net.org/system/files/contributed-files/maryellenbritton-griotarticlebymcdaniel2013.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">these wonderful sources</a>: #BlackSuffragists #Suffrage100
Title
A name given to the resource
Julia's sister, Dr. Mary Britton
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
09/01/2020
1887
Black Suffragists
Chicago World's Fair
Doctors
Higher education
Julia Hooks
Mary Britton
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Julia Hooks
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c83f62ee457e8f539e7904809fb7044c
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Black Memphis, white Memphis thread
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Centennial Twitter Collection
Subject
The topic of the resource
2020 Centennial of Women's Suffrage Amendment
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Rachel B. Tiven
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Twitter.com
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
August 2019 to August 2020
Language
A language of the resource
English
Text
A resource consisting primarily of words for reading. Examples include books, letters, dissertations, poems, newspapers, articles, archives of mailing lists. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre Text.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
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Black Memphis, white Memphis
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Daily Suffragist
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
01/08/2020
Description
An account of the resource
Julia Hooks bought a ticket at a downtown Memphis theater. It was 1881 and "Hermann the Magician" was a hit. She was making her way to her seat when two policemen grabbed her. They ripped her dress in the struggle, arresting her as she cried: “Let go of me, I am a schoolteacher!”
Hooks filed a complaint against the officers, but they weren’t punished.
Instead, Julia Hooks was fined $5 for disorderly conduct - particularly ironic, because she was about the least disorderly person in Memphis.
A gifted pianist, Julia’s concerts were the center of Black Memphis social life in the 1880s; Ida B Wells met Mary Church Terrell at one of them.
Julia and her sister Mary were the first Black women to graduate from Berea College in Kentucky, which was integrated until 1904.
I’ll return to Mary Britton, who became a well-known journalist in Louisville and then the first Black woman doctor in KY.
Another sister, Hattie, killed herself after being slut-shamed by Ida B Wells - also a story for another day.
Where was I? Julia. She was eventually known as the Angel of Beale Street for her good works. She started a classical music society, then an integrated music school whose pupils included WC Handy(!), and later an Orphans & Old Folks Home that she funded with her concert earnings.
But when the police were dragging her out of the theater because management had suddenly designated the section for whites only, she called out “I’m a schoolteacher” to demonstrate her respectability in a way that white people might understand.
Paula Giddings explains why teaching was an esteemed profession for women: “In Memphis, a certified teacher not only had to pass a written exam, she also had to demonstrate ‘good moral character’ and ‘the purest and truest of natures’ to the satisfaction of a biracial board.”
During Reconstruction, when Black men voted and held state & local office, Memphis reformers lobbied hard for Black schools & Black teachers. There was only one high school, but it was a good one.
And incredibly, men and women, blacks and whites, were paid equally to teach.
Pay equity in schools owed in part to Memphis’ leading white suffragist, Elizabeth Avery Meriwether. Throughout the 1870s she lobbied tirelessly for equal pay for male and female teachers.
When 3 teachers were fired for “holding too many of Mrs. Meriwether’s views” - the actual reason the superintendent gave for their dismissal! - she led a 7-month fight that ended with them reinstated and a new superintendent installed.
Essentially a lone voice, she demanded the all-male school board be replaced by a gender-balanced group. Equal pay legislation she helped pass was undermined in a closed-door session, but her lobbying had impact.
After teacher salaries were slashed in 1878 due to budget cuts, men and women were paid the same in both the Black and white school systems.
One result was that white men left teaching entirely. Another was that Black women had access to a career.
Meriwether was Memphis’ most visible advocate for women’s equality through the 1870s & 80s.
She demanded fair divorce laws, equal pay, and votes for white women.
In 1876 she rented out a local theater to give her own lecture on women’s rights under the law.
The same year she lobbied the national Democratic convention - remember, they were the party of Southern white conservatism - to include women’s suffrage in their platform.
Meriwether was an active member of the National Woman Suffrage Assoc, even joining Susan B Anthony on a speaking tour.
In 1880 she submitted 2 petitions to the NWSA national convention, one signed by 130 white women and the other by 110 black women, courtesy of her servant.
She sent both petitions with a note describing how the servant, whom she doesn’t name, heard her describing suffrage to guests and after dinner offered to collect signatures from black women. “She took the paper and procured these 110 signatures against the strong opposition...
"...of black men who in some cases threatened to whip their wives if they signed. At length the opposition was so great my servant had not courage to face it. She feared bodily harm...by the black men.”
Meriwether doesn’t explain why the white women gathered barely more names.
One more thing about Elizabeth Meriwether:
In 1867 she and her husband Minor hosted a gathering in their home, which they had reestablished after spending the war in exile. Elizabeth followed Minor, a Confederate officer. Their 3rd son (Lee, of course) was born on the road.
Minor survived the war, as did fellow Memphis Confederates Matt Galloway and Nathan Bedford Forrest. Reunited in the Meriwethers' living room, they founded the local chapter of the KKK.
Elizabeth’s contribution was to suggest that their platform include votes for white women. /
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1215019466423230464" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread</a>
1881
Civil War
Elizabeth Avery Meriwether
Ida B Wells
Julia Hooks
KKK
Mary Britton
Mary Church Terrell