Lafayette, we are here!
No one symbolizes Franco-American friendship and loyalty like the Marquis de Lafayette, hero of the Revolutionary War. During WWI, soldiers and suffragists both invoked him to represent the rightness of their cause. A thread. <br /><br />When US troops arrived in France to shore up the Allies’ faltering defenses, the French were relieved. On July 4, 1917, “All France celebrated the 4th of July.” - NYT, A1 <br /><br />Arriving at the Marquis’ tomb, General Pershing* cried out “Lafayette, we are here!” <br /><br />Though perhaps apocryphal, the quote came to symbolize US sacrifice on behalf of France. So it would resonate with the public when the National Woman’s Party organized massive demonstrations in Washington, DC's Lafayette Square a year later. You know, the one by the White House.<br /><br />Remember: NWP protesters spent much of 1917 in prison, beaten and force fed. They succeeded in pushing the cause to the forefront of public awareness -- in January 1918 the House of Representatives passed the federal amendment by a ⅔ majority. Now it was stuck in the Senate. <br /><br />Demonstrations in Lafayette Square began on August 6, the birthday of suffrage martyr Inez Milholland. NWP headquarters were at 14 Jackson Place, along the west side of the square. Lafayette himself was in sight of their building - and the White House. <br /><br />They marched straight to the statue, wrapping its base in the suffrage tricolor. Hazel Hunkins declared: “Here, at the statue of Lafayette, who fought for the liberty of this country, and under the American flag, I am asking for the enfranchisement of American women!” Hunkins was arrested before she finished speaking. <br /><br />40+ women were arrested that day. More were arrested at subsequent demonstrations a few days later. By the end of the month, dozens of suffrage protesters had been tried and sentenced to 10-15 days in prison. (BTW, that spring the federal court of appeals had ruled that their arrest and detention was unconstitutional.) In prison they again went on hunger strike. <br /><br />Still, the Senate wouldn’t budge. So on September 16, 1918, they were back in Lafayette Square. “Lafayette, we are here!” cried Berthe Arnold, an NWP activist from Colorado. She appealed directly to the Marquis himself, in bronze and in spirit. “We, the women of the United States, denied the liberty which you helped to gain, and for which we have asked in vain for sixty years, turn to you to plead for us. Speak, Lafayette!” <br /><br />Then the National Woman’s Party took a copy of remarks President Wilson had made that day to a NAWSA delegation led by Carrie Chapman Catt - and burned them. <br /><br />The Senate took up the suffrage amendment 10 days later. <br /><br />#Suffrage100 #19thAmendment <br /><br />*”La Fayette, nous voilà!” is variously ascribed to Pershing and to a Colonel Stanton - or may have been invented by a journalist covering the event.
Daily Suffragist
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Oct 5, 2020
<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/02/us/politics/trump-walk-lafayette-square.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Lafayette Square, 2020</a>
Olympia Brown
Meet a suffragist who began her career canvassing Kansas in 1867 -- and ended it in 1918 burning Woodrow Wilson’s speeches by the White House. In today’s episode of Suffrage Powerhouses We’ve Hardly Heard Of . . . <br /><br />Rev. Olympia Brown worked with Susan B Anthony, Lucy Stone, Alice Paul, and almost every white suffrage leader in between. There aren’t many images in the 6-volume History of Woman Suffrage; her portrait is one of them. <br /><br />She began her suffrage career in the trenches of the doomed Kansas campaign of 1867, giving nearly 300 speeches across the state. “Rev. Olympia Brown arrived in the State in July, where her untiring labors for four months were never equaled by man or woman.†-HWS vol. 2 <br /><br />The movement split a few years later, and Brown continued to work with both the National (Stanton & Anthony) and the American (Lucy Stone). She was more ideologically aligned with the National, though, because of its emphasis on a federal amendment. <br /><br />Perhaps her early experience in Kansas made her skeptical of state ballot measures. Her later efforts in Wisconsin surely cemented her belief that state-by-state fights weren’t enough: federal action was necessary. <br /><br />How did she get to be who she was? Olympia was her parents’ eldest, and they believed in her intellect. She spent a year at Mount Holyoke but found it too grimly religious, so she transferred to @AntiochCollege - then and always a more radical place. <br /><br />She wasn’t averse to religion, though. She brought Rev. Antoinette Brown Blackwell to speak at Antioch. “It was the first time I had heard a woman preach,†Olympia wrote later, “and the sense of the victory lifted me up.†Olympia Brown was ordained herself in 1863 - the first woman approved by her full denomination. <br /><br />When she married in 1873, she kept her own name. <br /><br />A few years later, she was called to pastor the Universalist Church in Racine. She moved to Wisconsin with her husband and two children. There she ran the state suffrage association, which in 1886 got Wisconsin to pass a bill. The bill allowed women to vote in “any election pertaining to school matters.†Rev. Brown pointed out that ALL state and local elections involved school matters. She sued, unsuccessfully, for the right to vote. <br /><br />After her husband died she took over the newspaper he published and ran it for 7 years. During those years her brother, Arthur Brown, became one of Utah’s 1st Senators. Also an Antiochian, he was later killed by a woman w/whom he’d had a tumultuous romantic relationship. #tangent <br /><br />Rev. Brown was a better orator than organizer, and alienated the younger generation when they sought to join the campaign in Wisconsin. Also, like most white suffragists, she understood herself to be working for white women’s rights. In Kansas in 1867, she argued that “if it were good under certain reasons for the negro to vote, it was ten times better for the same reasons for the women to vote.†Decades later, she was bitter as she watched immigrant men vote when she couldn’t, and said so. <br /><br />In her 80s she joined the Congressional Union/National Woman’s Party and served on its advisory committee. She was at home there: NWP was committed to a federal amendment, Rev. Brown’s longtime goal. And by nature she was not afraid to shock or offend. 👇center, w/NWP in 1915. <br /><br />In Dec 1918, Pres. Wilson sailed for France and a peace conference ending the War. Democracy abroad was safe, but democracy at home was still far off. NWP organized a massive demonstration in Lafayette Park. Hundreds of women marched carrying purple, white and gold banners. In “the most dramatic moment in the ceremony...a tiny and aged woman stepped forward†and threw Wilson’s words into a bonfire. “I have fought for liberty for 70 years, and I protest against the President’s leaving our country with this old fight here unwon.†<br /><br />Rev. Brown lived her final years in Baltimore, where she was active in the Women’s International League for Peace & Freedom and the ACLU. She died in 1926, having voted in two presidential elections.<br /><br />#Suffrage100 #19thAmendment
Daily Suffragist
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Oct 4, 2020
Jeannette Rankin's Election
Photoshop was invented in 1987 - but this photo of Jeannette Rankin was edited a long time before that. Read on . . . <br /><br />On the morning Rankin was sworn in as the first Congresswoman ever, the dueling white women’s suffrage groups both celebrated. Rankin waved from NAWSA headquarters w/leader Carrie Catt behind her. But when the photo ran in the paper of the National Woman’s Party, Catt was gone. <br /><br />Was NWP literally erasing Catt from the narrative? Or did they just want a cleaner photo? NWP didn’t disparage NAWSA in public, though they weren’t above a subtle dig. 🤷â€â™€ï¸ <br /><br />I heard a few songs tonight from “Jeannette†- the musical! by @ariannaafsar & @LalaTellsAStory. I got chills when they told the story of the trunks of mail Rankin received from women all over the nation who finally felt represented by her. <br /><br />Big props to Ari and Lauren for using sneak peaks of the show to ELECT MORE WOMEN. Follow them for details. 💜💛 #UntilThereAre535Â
Daily Suffragist
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Sept 25, 2020
Foreign Policy, Public Embarrassment
The first time the National Woman’s Party “Silent Sentinels†were arrested, they had been picketing the White House every day for six months. <br /><br />Why were they suddenly being charged? Simple. They embarrassed Pres. Wilson in front of the Russian guests he wanted to impress. Thread. <br /><br />In the years Wilson spent avoiding the war, 1.7 million Russians had been killed. Now that the US was in, Wilson was desperate to convince the Russians to keep fighting. But in the very month Woodrow Wilson was sworn in for a 2nd term, Tsar Nicholas II was overthrown. <br /><br />Wilson needed to convince a very different Russian government - represented by Ambd. Boris Bakhmetieff, above with wife and dog - that they were all on the same team. In Russia, however, the government was listening to women. <br /><br />When the Russian monarchy was overthrown in the name of democracy, Russian women demanded it be genuine. 40,000 women demonstrated in the streets of St. Petersburg👇and they won. In 1917 Russia became the biggest nation yet to enfranchise women. <br /><br />The meaning was lost on Wilson. He sent American diplomats to woo the Russians, assuring them that the US was a kindred spirit that provided “universal, direct, equal and secret suffrage.†20 million women - and almost all Black men - would beg to differ. But Wilson didn’t think they mattered. <br /><br />The National Woman’s Party would remind him. As the Russian delegation approached the White House on June 20, 1917, Lucy Burns and Dora Lewis were waiting for them with a large banner. <br /><br />ᴛᴠᴛʜᴇ ʀᴜꜱꜱɪᴀɴ ᴇɴᴠá´Êꜱ, á´¡á´‡ ᴛʜᴇ á´¡á´á´á´‡É´ á´êœ° á´€á´á´‡Ê€Éªá´„á´€ ᴛᴇʟʟ Êá´á´œ ᴛʜᴀᴛ á´€á´á´‡Ê€Éªá´„á´€ ɪꜱ É´á´á´› á´€ á´…á´‡á´á´á´„ʀᴀᴄÊ. á´›á´¡á´‡É´á´›Ê á´ÉªÊŸÊŸÉªá´É´ á´€á´á´‡Ê€Éªá´„ᴀɴ á´¡á´á´á´‡É´ ᴀʀᴇ ᴅᴇɴɪᴇᴅ ᴛʜᴇ ʀɪɢʜᴛ ᴛᴠᴠá´á´›á´‡. ᴘʀᴇꜱ ᴡɪʟꜱá´É´ ɪꜱ ᴛʜᴇ ᴄʜɪᴇꜰ á´á´˜á´˜á´É´á´‡É´á´› á´êœ° ᴛʜᴇɪʀ ɴᴀᴛɪá´É´á´€ÊŸ ᴇɴꜰʀᴀɴᴄʜɪꜱᴇá´á´‡É´á´›. ʜᴇʟᴘ ᴜꜱ á´á´€á´‹á´‡ ᴛʜɪꜱ ɴᴀᴛɪá´É´ Ê€á´‡á´€ÊŸÊŸÊ êœ°Ê€á´‡á´‡. ᴛᴇʟʟ á´á´œÊ€ É¢á´á´ ᴇʀɴá´á´‡É´á´› ɪᴛ á´á´œêœ±á´› ʟɪʙᴇʀᴀᴛᴇ ɪᴛꜱ ᴘᴇá´á´˜ÊŸá´‡ ʙᴇꜰá´Ê€á´‡ ɪᴛ ᴄᴀɴ ᴄʟᴀɪᴠꜰʀᴇᴇ ʀᴜꜱꜱɪᴀ ᴀꜱ ᴀɴ ᴀʟʟÊ. <br /><br />After the Russian delegation entered the White House, a mob of onlookers tore the banner out of Lucy and Dora’s hands. National Woman’s Party sentinels returned the next day with a similar banner. The administration was embarrassed and irritated - this had gone on long enough. <br /><br />The DC police chief visited National Woman’s Party HQ to tell Alice Paul they would be arrested if they kept picketing. Alice pointed out that they had been picketing for six months and had every right to do so. Then she handpicked her team for the following day. <br /><br />To join Lucy Burns, the very bravest, Alice recruited Katharine Morey of Boston. Alice explained that arrest was highly likely. “I am willing,†Morey replied. <br /><br />The next day, Burns & Morey returned to the White House with a new banner. This one simply used Wilson’s own words. <br /><br />á´¡á´‡ ꜱʜᴀʟʟ ꜰɪɢʜᴛ ꜰá´Ê€ ᴛʜᴇ ᴛʜɪɴɢꜱ á´¡á´‡ ʜᴀᴠᴇ ᴀʟᴡᴀÊꜱ ʜᴇʟᴅ ɴᴇᴀʀᴇꜱᴛ á´á´œÊ€ ʜᴇᴀʀᴛꜱ -- ꜰá´Ê€ á´…á´‡á´á´á´„Ê€á´€á´„Ê -- ꜰá´Ê€ ᴛʜᴇ ʀɪɢʜᴛ á´êœ° ᴛʜá´êœ±á´‡ ᴡʜᴠꜱᴜʙá´Éªá´› ᴛᴠᴀᴜᴛʜá´Ê€Éªá´›Ê ᴛᴠʜᴀᴠᴇ á´€ á´ á´Éªá´„á´‡ ɪɴ ᴛʜᴇɪʀ á´á´¡É´ É¢á´á´ ᴇʀɴá´á´‡É´á´›. <br /><br />They were arrested and then released; four more women were arrested and released the next day. The police clearly expected that these well-connected white women would be scared off by being arrested. They were wrong. <br /><br />#suffrage100 #19thAmendment
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1308614201271881729" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread</a>
Sept 23, 2020
Entering WWI
Woodrow Wilson was staunchly opposed to two things: entering the war in Europe, and supporting women’s suffrage. He gave in on the war first. <br /><br />Wilson cut diplomatic relations with Germany just before his second inauguration. He had sought desperately to keep the US out of the war, but the news that Germany was negotiating an alliance with Mexico was too much. The US was headed into WWI. <br /><br />White suffragists took very different approaches to the war. Carrie Chapman Catt, though a founder of the Woman’s Peace Party, wanted NAWSA to support the war effort. She saw it as a chance to prove women’s patriotism and ability to contribute - and to curry favor with Wilson. <br /><br />Alice Paul wanted nothing to distract from winning a federal suffrage amendment. History loomed: her foremothers had set aside women’s rights during the Civil War to devote themselves to ending slavery & preserving the Union. The resulting legal setbacks for women were profound. <br /><br />Alice wasn’t going to let that happen again - nor could she bear Wilson’s hypocritical language about going to war for democracy and freedom. Woman’s Party members were free to support the war under other banners, but NWP would take no position on it.
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1297718763157164034" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread.</a>
23/08/2020
Picketing the White House begins
Suffragists picketed the White House from 10 am-6pm every day but Sundays. They continued - attacked by mobs, arrested daily - for more than two years. <br /><br />But in their first months, the pickets were greeted warmly. Thread. <br /><br />Until January 1917, no one had ever done what they were doing. Frustrated at President Wilson’s refusal to support a federal suffrage amendment, they were the first Americans to stand outside the mansion in protest. <br /><br />The picketers walked 4-hour shifts, leaving only when relief arrived. They continued in every kind of weather, though in heavy rain and snow shifts were shortened to 2 hours. To stay warm, the janitor from Nat’l Woman’s Party headquarters brought wheelbarrows of hot bricks to stand on. In this picture from January 26, they’re standing on boards to keep their feet drier. <br /><br />National Woman’s Party members from around the country traveled to Washington to picket. These women from Minnesota might have been the only ones with warm enough clothing! They're in front of NWP's office on Lafayette Square, in sight of the White House. <br /><br />There were state days, days for different professions, a wage earners’ day, a women voters day (for women from western states). Alice Paul asked Mary Church Terrell to join the pickets, and she did, bringing her teenage daughter Phyllis too. <br /><br />Alice Paul knew of Mohandas K. Gandhi’s non-violent tactics in South Africa, and trained the National Woman’s Party picketers: do not respond to taunts, do not lash back, refuse to be provoked. <br /><br />This was easy at first, as the initial public reception was positive. People came to watch, and many expressed support for the cause and admiration for the effort. The women’s tenacity - especially in winter - earned respect even from suffrage skeptics. <br /><br />But the goodwill evaporated when the U.S. went to war.
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1297362906414292992" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread.</a>
22/08/2020
Access to the White House
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">The day before suffragists started picketing the White House, they were there as invited guests. <br /><br /><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">Access thread.</span><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-4qtqp9 r-ip8ujx r-sjv1od r-zw8f10 r-bnwqim r-h9hxbl"></span></span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">One of the striking things about the decade before ratification is how much access suffragists had to Pres. Wilson - not only the mannerly women of NAWSA, but Alice Paul & Congressional Union/National Woman’s Party too. At least in the first term.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">(Wilson was far less welcoming to African Americans - his first-term meetings with Black leaders, including IdaBWells, were stilted or openly offensive. When Monroe Trotter asked him to explain segregation in federal jobs, Wilson exploded, saying no American had ever spoken to him so rudely.)</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">But white women got a different kind of solicitude - even Mabel Vernon, who only a month earlier had hijacked Woodrow Wilson’s State of the Union speech with a dramatic banner drop. <br /><br /><a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1294381523173613568" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">See</a> </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">She and 300 other suffragists were welcomed to the White House to deliver a new raft of 19th Amdt petitions gathered at memorials for martyred Inez Milholland.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">The suffragists gathered in the East Room of the White House. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Sara Bard Field spoke for the group. She promised that women would never give up; yet they had paid their dues and it was past time. “We are asking, how long, how long, must this struggle go on?” </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Wilson was affronted. He thought they were coming for some kind of bereavement call, where he could pay his respects to Milholland without being asked to DO anything. He said so, huffily. </span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">Then he chastised them for not understanding the Democrats were their allies, and stormed out.</span></p>
<p><span style="font-weight:400;">The next day, the National Woman’s Party began picketing the White House.</span></p>
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1295359618022072323" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread.</a>
17/08/2020
Suffrage martyr
President Wilson surely thought the National Woman’s Party women were nasty. They campaigned ferociously against his reelection in western states in 1916. That October they stood boldly on the streets of Chicago and New York, so his motorcade would pass women protesting him. 🧵 <br /><br />He very nearly lost. Most California women could vote, and had 3,806 of them voted the other way, the state’s 13 electoral votes and the Presidency would have gone to Charles Evans Hughes. Wilson went to bed that night thinking he was a one-term president. <br /><br />But Wilson was reelected, and all the suffrage ballot measures in various eastern states failed. Then, just a few weeks after the election, Inez Milholland died. She had collapsed onstage campaigning against the Democrats - her last words: “How long must women wait?†<br /><br />One of the most famous and glamorous suffragists, literally a poster girl, had given her life for the cause. With the family’s blessing, Alice Paul created vivid political theatre - a memorial service on Christmas Day in the rotunda of the US Capitol. <br /><br />The symbolism was thick: Inez’s Christlike sacrifice was memorialized in the seat of male political power, with 1,000 people attending. No woman had ever been recognized there, and none would again until Rosa Parks died in 2005. <br /><br />The hall was decorated in NWP purple, white, and gold, with flags on every chair. A boys choir sang the suffrage hymn “Forward out of darkness.†Maud Younger gave a stirring speech. 1916 was ending, and Wilson’s second term was about to begin. #19thAmendment #Suffrage100
Daily Suffragist
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12/08/2020
Suffrage for white women
By the 1916 election, it was clear the Nat'l Woman’s Party strategy was working: a federal constitutional amendment had become a live political issue. NAWSA couldn’t beat NWP, so they were going to have to join them. But neither group was willing to confront its own racism.🧵 <br /><br />For years NAWSA had supported a federal amendment strategy only tepidly, in deference to their southern members. These white women insisted on a “states rights†approach - meaning, no votes for Black women and no new federal oversight of voting. <br /><br />0But NAWSA’s state by state strategy wasn’t delivering. The painful 1915 losses in NY, NJ, MA & PA were followed by more losses in 1916. By then Carrie Chapman Catt had replaced Anna Howard Shaw as head of NAWSA. Catt was a stronger leader and a more skillful strategist. <br /><br />Catt saw that if NAWSA refused to engage on a federal strategy they would tempt political irrelevance. Though Catt would never have said so publicly, Alice Paul had made a federal amendment a possibility - and forced NAWSA into supporting it. <br /><br />NAWSA’s embrace of a federal amendment did not represent an epiphany about the evil of white supremacy. Nor did Alice Paul and the National Woman’s Party expect one. On the contrary: both white women’s suffrage organizations continued to accommodate a racist ideology. <br /><br />While rejecting explicit “whites only†voting laws, they encouraged the argument that votes for southern women would STRENGTHEN white supremacy. Meaning, southern states could expect white women wd vote and Black women & men could not. (This IS what happened for the next 45 yrs.) <br /><br />White suffragists believed that in order to win, they had to reassure southern politicians they could enfranchise women while keeping Jim Crow. They understood that southern Black women wouldn’t be included in the victory - but they weren’t the ones suffragists were fighting for. <br /><br />Alice Paul (and Susan B. Anthony before her) knew race discrimination was wrong, but insisted it was a separate issue, unrelated to women’s right to vote. Carrie Catt (like Elizabeth Cady Stanton earlier) didn’t care if Black women were excluded.<br /><br />Mary Church Terrell, Hallie Q. Brown, W.E.B. DuBois & other Black activists were working for voting rights. White suffragists could have collaborated w/them to demand that every citizen get the ballot. But racism - their own, the nation’s - kept them from making common cause.
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1292664201790533632" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread.</a>
09/08/2020
Founding of a new party
Presidential conventions. Eh. 2020 conventions planned for Charlotte, Jacksonville & Milwaukee may end up being nowhere at all. But in 1916, the Democrats met in St. Louis. The Republicans met in Chicago - along with a new party: the National Woman’s Party. NWP founding🧵 <br /><br />The National Woman’s Party didn’t expect to capture the votes of ALL 4 million women voters. The idea was to convince enough women voting in tight races to vote against Democrats, punishing them for not doing more to help disenfranchised women nationwide. <br /><br />Alice Paul had tested the theory in the 1914 midterms and found that it worked: it put suffrage on the political agenda. Democrats, who controlled the House, Senate & White House, were on notice that they would have to act. Suffragist Dr. Cora King summed up the political effect: “[It] will never be unanimously agreed upon...some declaring you did no harm to the Democrats but great harm to the women’s cause & others that you are the saviour of women. But party leaders...will come out for suffrage MUCH sooner because of the trouble you have made them.†<br /><br />By the 1916 general election, Alice had a powerful new ally: Harriot Stanton Blatch. After the failure of the NY law, Blatch was done w/the state-by-state approach forever. She merged her Women’s Political Union and its well-connected members into the fight for a federal amdt. <br /><br />Harriot and 22 other women spent the spring barnstorming western states to recruit Woman’s Party members. Five weeks riding the rails was not glamorous. Winifred Mallon wrote home: “Am very tired and dirty and dusty and my head aches and the train is jiggling fearfully.†<br /><br />Their effort succeeded in winning some converts. 1,000+ women gathered in Chicago in June 1916 for the inaugural convention of the National Woman’s Party. <a href="https://dailysuffragist.omeka.net/items/show/451" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Recall that Chicago women could vote for President, thanks to their 1913 victory</a>. 👉<br /><br />As a show of white women’s political power, the NWP launch was a success. Every other party sent an ambassador: Democrats, Republicans, Prohibition, Progressive & Socialist parties. Harriot Stanton Blatch pledged to deliver 500,000 votes; Alva Belmont pledged to raise $500,000. <br /><br />Alice Paul didn’t speak at the NWP convention. Instead she put voters like Maud Younger of California and Anne Martin of Nevada in the spotlight. @<a href="https://twitter.com/jdzah" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">jdzah</a> points out that having women voters lead NWP could rebut criticism that Alice was meddling, unwelcome, in state affairs. The NWP dream was to block Wilson from a second term, or at least make him fear their power. It would take real fortitude - to succeed they would have to fight Republicans, Democrats, and other suffragists. #19thAmendment #WomensVote100Â
Daily Suffragist
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07/08/2020