Dr. Susan Smith McKinney Steward of Weeksville
Sarah Smith Garnet & Dr. Susan Smith-McKinney Steward were sisters - Sarah the eldest of 10, Susan the 7th. <br /><br />Together, their impact on Brooklyn's African-American community was immense. <br /><br />Their suffrage contributions - Sarah's especially - were significant.<br /><br />They grew up on Long Island and in @Weeksville, an independent Black community in Brooklyn founded in 1838. Their father Sylvanus was a prominent abolitionist and community leader. <br /><br />Susan went to medical school at the New York Medical College, which Dr. Clemence Lozier had founded in 1863 so other women would have an easier path into medicine than her own.<br /><br />Susan graduated in 1870, valedictorian of her class. <br /><br />She was the third African-American woman to graduate medical school in the US. She built a thriving pediatric and OB practice in Brooklyn and founded the Women's Hospital & Dispensary and the Homeopathic Hospital. She treated Black and white patients in Fort Greene, Brooklyn. <br /><br />The townhouse where she lived and worked still stands, as does the impressive red brick Brooklyn Home for the Aged in Weeksville, where she was the physician of record for two decades. @<a href="https://twitter.com/Brownstoner" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">brownstoner</a> illustrates accomplishments with site-specific photos <a href="https://www.brownstoner.com/history/african-american-history-brooklyn-fort-greene-dr-susan-smith-mckinney-steward-205-dekalb-avenue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://t.co/ZMsyksxlHg</a> <br /><br />Dr. McKinney is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery with a terrific headstone. A block of Prospect Place is named in her honor, and a medical society founded in 1974 is named for her. Read more about Dr. McKinney on the @<a href="https://twitter.com/BKLYNlibrary" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BKLYNLibrary</a> site <a href="https://www.bklynlibrary.org/blog/2018/01/25/susan-smith-mckinney" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://t.co/PhlDTpw5jO</a> <br /><br />...and listen to the <a href="https://twitter.com/brooklynhistory" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">@BrooklynHistory</a> podcast about her: <a href="https://www.brooklynhistory.org/podcasts/flatbush-main-episode-25-brooklyns-pioneering-women-doctors/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://t.co/xViA0yXvWm</a> <br /><br />In 1902, Susan helped her older sister create the Brooklyn Equal Suffrage League, the city's first African-American organization devoted to women's suffrage. Tune in tomorrow for more. #BlackSuffragists #Suffrage100
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1264741351305986050" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread.</a><br /><a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1371306708333686793" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Repost on March 14, 2021</a>
25/05/2020
<a href="DR.%20BLACKWELL,%20DR.%20LOZIER,%20DR.%20CRUMPLER" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">DR. BLACKWELL, DR. LOZIER, DR. CRUMPLER</a><br /><br /><a href="https://www.brownstoner.com/history/african-american-history-brooklyn-fort-greene-dr-susan-smith-mckinney-steward-205-dekalb-avenue/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">A Brownstone for a Remarkable Woman, Brookyn’s Pioneering Dr. Susan Smith McKinney Steward</a><br /><br /><br /><iframe width="100%" height="166" scrolling="no" src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/444120888&color=%2342586f&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&show_teaser=true"></iframe>
<div style="font-size:10px;color:#cccccc;white-space:nowrap;font-family:Interstate, 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Lucida Sans', Garuda, Verdana, Tahoma, sans-serif;font-weight:100;"><a href="https://soundcloud.com/brooklynhistory" title="BHS" target="_blank" style="color:#cccccc;text-decoration:none;" rel="noreferrer noopener">BHS</a> · <a href="https://soundcloud.com/brooklynhistory/flatbush-main-ep-25-brooklyns-pioneering-women-doctors-may-2018" title="Flatbush + Main Ep 25: Brooklyn's Pioneering Women Doctors (May 2018)" target="_blank" style="color:#cccccc;text-decoration:none;" rel="noreferrer noopener">Flatbush + Main Ep 25: Brooklyn's Pioneering Women Doctors (May 2018)</a></div>
Female Anti-Slavery Convention in New York
The National Female Anti-Slavery Convention in 1837 was the 1st convention where women discussed women's rights. Delegates traveled to NYC for 4 days of debate. Lucretia Mott was there, and so were the Grimke sisters. Ira V. Brown describes their resolutions:
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1166727334063460352" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread</a>
28/08/2019
Hester Lane
The story of Black abolitionist Hester Lane features blatant racism and sexism. But it’s also about a subtler version of both: when you’re expected to choose a side because of your identity, and pigeonholed into what someone like you is “supposed to” believe. Long thread. <br /><br />Hester’s story is one of the most exciting discoveries in @marthasjones_' wonderful Vanguard - which is saying something! <br /><br />Hester was a free woman of color in 1820s New York City. She was an entrepreneur, a leader, and a liberator. <br /><br />Hester Lane bought the freedom of enslaved people - dangerous work that meant negotiating with southern slaveholders herself. She brought out as many as 11 people - she required them to repay her, which enabled her to keep the cycle going. <br /><br />Slavery was still legal in New York then, and the state wanted to prevent African Americans from amassing political power as they gradually became free. In 1821 the legislature imposed a rule that Black men had to own $250 worth of property in order to vote - white men, zero. That’s almost $6000 today, and in 1825 there were 16 Black men who met the qualification. So Hester Lane’s success - she owned her own decorating business and her own home - was truly extraordinary. <br /><br />She was a powerful community leader. She led fundraising for the NYC Vigilance Committee, which worked to protect African Americans who were in constant danger of being seized and enslaved. She led the local Dorcas Society, which clothed the children of the community so they could attend the African Free School.<br /><br />In the 1830s slavery mushroomed in the South and organized opposition grew in the North. The American Anti-Slavery Society was founded in 1833, and Hester Lane was an early donor. Then & now, being a donor & fundraiser was a route to becoming a leader in a volunteer organization. <br /><br />In 1840, Hester ran for a seat on the Society’s Executive Committee. Two other women ran that year also. Good, right? Well.... the bumper crop of women reflected a schism in the abolitionist movement. A large faction had just quit the Society -- over the issue of electing women. And that was Hester’s faction. She was aligned with the side of the Society that wanted to use lobbying and litigation and other political means to end slavery. <br /><br />The handful of other women who were active in the Society - all of them white - were aligned with the other faction. That faction, led by Wm Lloyd Garrison, was more anarchic. They didn’t think slavery could be ended through capital-P Politics. They wanted to focus on changing hearts and minds, winning over Americans with the moral rightness of their cause. (Portrait: Garrison in 1833.) <br /><br />The political wing was more conservative, and women’s leadership was a radical proposition. At the Society’s 1839 convention, inclusion of women became a flashpoint. 123 men formally protested women holding leadership roles. Why? They felt it would make their cause ridiculous. The Female Anti-Slavery Societies that had developed in the 1830s were fine, they said, but nothing more. Women leading the national organization risked causing “unnecessary reproach and embarrassment to the cause of the enslaved.” <br /><br />.@MarthaSJones_ asks us to imagine how Hester felt - these were her ideological allies. Hester’s alliance with the political wing makes sense to me. Those men were pragmatists who wanted to end slavery by using the system. In contrast... Garrison’s opposing faction was anarchist; to me, his confidence that a new system would be better reeks of white privilege. Hester was a businesswoman, not a dreamer. <br /><br />A year later, everyone returned to New York for the annual meeting. Abby Kelley - a white woman from Lynn, Mass. - was appointed to a leadership committee at the Society’s annual meeting. Like Hester Lane, Kelley was a seasoned abolitionist and a fundraiser for the Society. Her appointment brought the issue of women’s leadership to a boiling point. A vote was called on whether to approve her. 557 in favor; 451 against. The losers walked out, never to return. They founded their own abolitionist group. Good riddance, right? <br /><br />The meeting continued, and the women present - about 120 delegates - were elected and appointed to leadership roles. But let it sink in. In 1840, the racially integrated American Anti-Slavery Society split over the question of women in power. And it left Hester Lane, the most prominent African American woman there, in a lousy position. She had too much self-respect to go where she was not wanted. She stayed, and her friend Charles Ray nominated her to the Society’s executive committee. Ray and his late wife Henrietta were Hester’s partners in leading New York City's Black community. He published the newspaper the Colored American; Henrietta was a founder of the African Dorcas Society & the NY Female Literary Society. <br /><br />When the Society election was over, well-known Lucretia Mott and Lydia Maria Child had won. Hester Lane lost. Maria Chapman was also on the executive committee by the end of the 1840 convention - so three white women were in leadership and the strongest Black candidate was not. Charles Ray pointed to racism as the culprit. <br /><br />Garrison blamed Hester for her association with the dissident anti-feminists: “It is to be supposed that the Society would be guilty of this obvious impropriety of appointing to office a woman who denies her own right of membership?” That was snotty of Garrison, and a low blow. Hester Lane certainly hadn’t signed on to the anti-woman petition in 1839, nor walked out in 1840. <br /><br />Another of Hester's distinguishing characteristics was independence. The white women elected were all sponsored by their husbands, prominent abolitionists in their own right. (Abby Kelley, elected before the schism, was single then.) Hester was not just Black, she was an unmarried, independent businesswoman. <br /><br />Hester left abolitionist politics after that. She died in New York City’s 1849 cholera epidemic. I hope Professor Jones’ work leads to much more awareness of this fascinating woman. <br /><br />#BlackSuffragists #Vanguard
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1314693511669862405" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original source</a>
Oct 9, 2020
How we learned to protest
British suffragists got angry and impatient before the Americans did. Their breakaway radical faction became known as “suffragettes†- it was meant as a slur, until they adopted it proudly. <br /><br />[Protest history thread.] <br /><br />Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters developed confrontational tactics that horrified the UK’s suffrage establishment - and inspired American women. <br /><br />Harriot Stanton Blatch lived in England and saw the Pankhursts’ impact up close. Brooklyn’s leading African-American suffragist, Sarah Smith Garnet, visited London and was impressed with what she saw. Lucy Burns and Alice Paul were American university students who joined the movement in the UK and brought home the tactics they learned there. <br /><br />As these women returned to the US, they pushed American women to be more visible in their demand for the vote. That meant hitting the street. <br /><br />Harriot Stanton Blatch created the Women’s Political Union (orig. the Equality League of Self-Supporting Women) in 1907 as a feistier alternative to NAWSA. <br /><br />They organized the very first street protest by New York City women, in May 1910. 👇 <br /><br />It wasn’t the first protest in American history - there had been large labor rallies, like Haymarket in Chicago & the Uprising of 20,000 in NYC a year before. Barnstorming suffragists held open-air meetings during state campaigns as far back as 1869.<br /><br />But this was the first time suffragists made their point by taking over city streets. <br /><br />It wasn’t ladylike to march on the street - precisely BECAUSE it was associated with working class rabble-rousers. The matronly Woman Suffrage League of New York wasn’t eager to participate--but the march was getting so much attention they couldn’t ignore it. So they joined the “automobile procession†- which meant they barely set foot on the street. <br /><br />The parade was a hit, and in 1911 the march was 8x bigger: 3,000 marched and 10,000 joined the rally at the end. <br /><br />By the spring of 1912 even babies were out on the street. <br /><br />And teenagers on horseback, like Mabel Ping-Hua Lee. <br /><br />Eleanor Flexner points out that as the marches grew, they won the respect of New Yorkers. A reporter from the Baltimore American wrote in 1912: “All along Fifth Avenue...were gathered thousands of men and women of New York. They blocked every cross street on the line of march. <br /><br />"Many were inclined to laugh and jeer, but none did. <br /><br />“The sight of the impressive column of women striding five abreast up the middle of the street stifled all thought of ridicule. They were typical, womanly American women...women doctors, women lawyers, splendid in their array of academic robes; women architects, women artists, actresses and sculptors; women waitresses, domestics; a huge division of industrial workers...all marched with an intensity and purpose that astonished the crowds that lined the streets.†#CenturyofStruggleÂ
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1269467592193970178" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread.</a>
06/06/2020
<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/world/george-floyd-global-protests.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Black Lives Matter Marches</a><br /><br /><a href="https://dailysuffragist.omeka.net/items/show/402" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">"The first big public march"</a><br /><br /><a href="https://dailysuffragist.omeka.net/items/show/222" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">"Mabel Ping-Hua Lee"</a>
IdaB in Brooklyn
When Ida B Wells arrived in Brooklyn, it was still its own city. (The 5 boros consolidated in 1898.) How imposing the massive metropolis must have felt to Ida, forced to flee Memphis in 1892 after publishing “The Truth About Lynching.” <br /><br />Ida’s life-long crusade against lynching began to take shape while living on Gold Street. She eventually settled in Chicago, but Brooklyn was where she learned to be a public speaker - in part by asking Maritcha Remond Lyons, who had bested her in a debate, to coach her. <br /><br />Today Brooklyn thanked her for her service to the nation by naming Gold Street “Ida B Wells Place.” It was cold, but 100 people stayed to hear Ida’s biographer Paula Giddings, and her greatest contemporary inheritor, @<a href="https://twitter.com/nhannahjones" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nhannahjones</a>. <br /><br />Ida’s great-grandson Benjamin Duster and 2 of her great-great-daughters were there too, plus @<a href="https://twitter.com/ljoywilliams" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">ljoywilliams</a> and many more. Prof. Giddings was polite enough not to mention the rivalry between Brooklyn & Manhattan women that she describes in her book...but Manhattan should be feeling competitive! The (now demolished) hall where Ida gave her very 1st public speech was right by Bryant Park. Isn't it time for a plaque? #BlackSuffragists #Suffrage100
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1236478764126740481" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread.</a>
07/03/2020
Mabel Ping-Hua Lee
IHO Year of the Rat, a fearless teenager on a horse. Mabel Ping-Hua Lee was only 16 when she led New York City’s 1912 suffrage parade on horseback. She started college @<a href="https://twitter.com/Barnard" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Barnard</a> that fall. She was a media magnet, profiled in the Tribune a month before the parade. <br /><br />The article reassures that “Miss Lee believes that woman’s place is in the home, and that her education should be primarily for the satisfaction of her husband.” In 1921 Mabel Lee got a PhD in economics from Columbia. <br /><br />Throughout college she was active in the suffrage movement and the Chinese Students Association. She published feminist essays in The Chinese Students’ Monthly. <br /><br />In her own words: “[Woman suffrage] is nothing more than a wider application of our ideas of justice and equality. <br /><br />"We all believe in the idea of democracy; woman suffrage or the feminist movement (of which woman suffrage is a fourth part) is the application of democracy to women.” <br /><br />New York women won the vote in 1917, but not Mabel Lee. The Chinese Exclusion Act barred all Chinese immigrants from becoming U.S. citizens - including Mabel, who arrived in the US at age 9. The Act was in force from 1882-1943. Mabel fought for a ballot she knew she couldn’t access. <br /><br />She lived until 1966. We don’t know if she ever voted. Soon after she finished her PhD, her father, a prominent Baptist minister, died suddenly. Dr. Lee took over his church and spent the rest of her life as a community leader in NYC’s Chinatown. She did not marry.<br /><br />She lived at 53 Bayard Street in a tenement that still stands. I don’t think there’s a plaque - I’ll check - but a Chinatown Post Office was renamed in her honor in 2018. @<a href="https://twitter.com/tim_tseng" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">tim_tseng</a> has done the most research on her life, and written several articles. <br /><br />I am so, so sad to learn as I wrote this post that the priceless archives of the Museum of Chinese in America have been destroyed by fire. @<a href="https://twitter.com/mocanyc" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">mocanyc</a> The museum itself is unharmed, but the loss of documents and artifacts is massive.
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1221298119759073280" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread.</a>
26/01/2020
Maud Nathan's sister, Annie Nathan Meyer
I was prepared to hate Annie Nathan Meyer because of her vehement anti-suffrage views. But it’s hard to hate a woman whose autobiography, published posthumously, is called “It’s Been Fun.” <br /><br />Annie Nathan Meyer founded @<a href="https://twitter.com/BarnardCollege" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">BarnardCollege</a> in 1889. Women couldn’t study at @<a href="https://twitter.com/Columbia" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Columbia</a> or anywhere in the city. She raised support for the college by appealing to New Yorkers’ chauvinism - Boston & Philadelphia already had liberal arts colleges for women. <br /><br />Unlike her older sister Maud (see yesterday), Annie had no formal education. While Maud and their brothers went to school, their mother kept Annie at home for company. Annie educated herself, reading Margaret Fuller, George Eliot & Elizabeth Barrett Browning. <br /><br />Annie became an accomplished author of nonfiction, fiction, plays, and many effective letters to the editor. She was a progressive in many ways, especially in her commitment to African-American rights. The NAACP called on her to broker Black/Jewish conflicts. <br /><br />She quit the DAR because they supported segregation. She was instrumental in making Zora Neale Hurston the first Black student at @BarnardCollege, and they became genuinely close friends. Hurston dedicated “Mules and Men” to her. <br /><br />Somehow this champion of women’s education, a public and professional woman her entire life, didn’t think women should vote. Her anti-suffrage views are odious. She argued that women’s primary obligations were domestic, and voting would inevitably corrupt domesticity. <br /><br />She wrote a polemical, never-produced play called The Dominant Sex, in which the protagonist, a suffragist and clubwoman, “neglects her home and child and shows nothing but icy contempt for her husband.” <br /><br />The only explanations historians offer for her persistent hostility are (a) contempt for some suffragists’ overblown claims that women’s votes would cure all social ills, and (b) sibling rivalry. <br /><br />The public enjoyed the spectacle of the sisters at odds, noting gleefully when Annie was invited to a suffrage luncheon at which Maud was to give the keynote. The New Republic published their dueling letters to the editor for decades. They both lived long lives full of accomplishment. Though Annie felt unappreciated by Barnard in her lifetime, today the @BarnardCollege website cites her as the founder--though it doesn’t mention her anti-suffragism. <br /><br />For more, read <a href="https://barnard.edu/magazine/winter-2015/sisters-house-divided" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Louise Bernikow's thoughtful compariso</a>n of the sisters for Barnard’s alumnae magazine. #Suffrage100 #HappyPassover
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1249146053351411715" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread.</a>
12/04/2020
Out past curfew
Cities around the country instituted curfews this week to restrict protest, so it’s a good time to recall when suffragists were out after dark. <br /><br />In 1912, New York City suffragists lit the darkest night of the year with a massive nighttime demonstration. 🮠thread. <br /><br />Only six months after a massive spring march, NYC suffragists wanted to show their power again. <br /><br />Women had won the vote in three new states that year - Kansas, Oregon, and Arizona - and fundraising for a new effort in New York was already underway. <br /><br />They planned the march for 8 p.m. on a Sunday night in the middle of November. The late hour was intended to enable more working women to participate, and to set the stage for a dramatic display. <br /><br />@<a href="https://twitter.com/LCSantangelo" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LCSantangelo</a> told the story at @<a href="https://twitter.com/NYHistory" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">nyhistory</a>: <br /><br />The organizers ordered 5,000 Japanese lanterns. In addition, “men planned to wear miners’ lamps, parade marshals to wield batons topped with electric lightbulbs, & automobiles to carry searchlights. Lobbyists expected to create ‘one long blaze of glory’ in support of the ballot.†<br /><br />Not everyone thought this was a great idea. <br /><br />“Some worried that the 8 pm start time would breed a rowdier atmosphere; others fretted about the dangers of returning home once the demonstration concluded. Women might be accepted on the streets during the daytime, but now-- organizers were asking them to march at a time of day when many believed that ‘respectable’ women should not be out in public without male escorts.†<br /><br />It was rainy and cold, but they pulled it off. <br /><br />There was no violence, and showed women were willing to take risks and push boundaries to win. And it looked spectacular. <br /><br />The headline in Monday's Times, above the fold: “400,000 Cheer Suffrage March--20,000 Women in Great Parade--Fifth Avenue a River of Fire.†#Suffrage100Â
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1269798508766400515" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread.</a>
07/06/2020
<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/06/nyregion/nyc-protests-george-floyd.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">New York Black Lives Matter Protests Curfew</a>
Poll watching while female
These women are being arrested for poll watching while female. It’s New York City, September 1910, the Democratic primary. Before the day is over six women at four different precincts in Hell’s Kitchen have been hauled before the magistrate court. Thread. <br /><br />They were all members of the Equality League for Self-Supporting Women. Harriot Stanton Blatch, ElizCadyStanton’s daughter, founded the group as an alternative to the boring New York State Woman Suffrage Association. <br /><br />Harriot had recruited the women to be poll watchers, though no New York woman could vote. They were making a statement about access to the ballot box generally. Some of the suffragists also supported Francis Coughlin, who was challenging Tammany Hall politician John Curry in the Democratic primary. Couglin’s campaign had provided poll watcher certifications to most of the suffragists. <br /><br />The Tammany machine, which wasn’t interested in expanding the electorate, had them ejected. The arrestees included Harriot’s daughter Nora and nurse Lavinia Dock. When told to leave, Dock replied, "I'm a legally appointed watcher and I've got as much right here as any one. I decline to move for you or any one else." <br /><br /><a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1239046579954356225" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">If you know Lavinia Dock, this is not surprising. </a><br /><br />As it happens, pollwatchers who can’t vote have a limited impact on the outcome of elections. Curry, the Tammany incumbent, won the primary handily. He became the leader of Tammany Hall in its twilight years, and a foe of Gov. Franklin D. Roosevelt. <br /><br />A flurry of litigation followed the primary. The magistrate, the District Attorney, and the Attorney General all upheld women’s right to be poll watchers. Blatch then began recruiting women to pollwatch for the general election. <br /><br />In this letter asking a Miss Allen to serve, Blatch says “Women now have this political right, and it seems to me we should shoulder the duty of our right….Can we not count upon you to fill this important and interesting political office, and would it not be possible for you to secure other women to act also?” The handwritten postscript says: “Word has just come to us that the Republican Watchers Association will welcome as many women as we can secure. This is a great triumph!" <br /><br />#vote #suffrage100
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1323456900760035328" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread</a>
November 2, 2020
Rosh Hashana, Day 2: Meet Pauline Newman
Pauline Newman was dykier than Rose. At 16 she led the biggest rent strike in NYC. After scores of friends died in the Triangle Shirtwaist fire, she helped write & enforce NY safety laws. Led women in WTUL & ILGWU for decades. There's so much more: read👇! <a href="https://t.co/zMPlqoMjRh?amp=1" target="_blank" dir="ltr" class="r-1n1174f r-1loqt21 r-1qd0xha r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0 css-4rbku5 css-18t94o4 css-901oao css-16my406" title="https://buff.ly/2mHW2lf" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span class="css-901oao css-16my406 r-1qd0xha r-hiw28u r-ad9z0x r-bcqeeo r-qvutc0">https://</span>buff.ly/2mHW2lf</a>
Daily Suffragist
<a href="https://twitter.com/DailySuffragist/status/1179048592667009028" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Original thread.</a>
01/10/2019
<a href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/newman-pauline">https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/newman-pauline</a>